Q-carbon and Q-silicon Discovery

Total over 1000 Archived Journal Articles with citations over 35,000

To view all publications from Dr. Narayan, visit his Google Scholar Profile

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Q-carbon (quenched carbon) is a new allotrope of carbon, discovered in 2015, that is ferromagnetic, electrically conductive, and glows when exposed to low levels of energy. It is relatively inexpensive to make, and some news reports claim that it has replaced diamond as the world’s hardest substance.

Q-carbon – Wikipedia

Discovery · ‎Production · ‎Properties

A: Discovery of Q-carbon and Direct Conversion of Carbon into Q-carbon and Diamond

B: Discovery of Q-BN and Direct Conversion of h-BN into Q-BN and c-BN

C: Discovery of Q-silicon with Novel Properties for Spintronics and Quantum Computing

Modern demands for energy-efficient power electronics, secure high-speed communications, and ever-increasing computing power are converging with technology opportunities created by ultrawide-bandgap semiconductors to define new paradigms for a wide range of electronic, optical, sensing, and quantum applications. Diamond and c-BN related materials represent ultimate semiconductor materials for next-generation solid state devices for the above applications. Considering Johnson’s (relevant for high-power devices) and Keys (relevant for microelectronics) figures of merit, diamond and c-BN are 8200 and 32 times better than silicon devices. However, diamond and c-BN are metastable materials at ambient temperatures and pressures, therefore, new nonequilibrium methods for synthesis and processing and doping are needed to fabricate novel solid state devices. Our recent breakthrough has resulted in direct conversion of carbon into diamond, graphene, and a new phase of Q-carbon with many extraordinary properties by nanosecond laser processing. There is also a parallel process leading to direct conversion of BN into Q-BN, c-BN, and h-BN. These materials now can be doped with both p-type and n-type (unlike only p-type doping in diamond so far) dopants with concentrations exceeding thermodynamic solubility limits. Moreover, Q-carbon provides an ideal platform for nucleation and growth of diamond over a large area.

The Q-carbon exhibits extraordinary ultra-hardness of  >60% higher than that of diamond. In fact, superconductivity and hardness are quite directly linked to each other through the McMillan-Hopfield equation, 

McMillan-Hopfield equation

, where λ is the electron-phonon coupling constant related to ratio of spring constants, ω is averaged phonon frequency, M is averaged atomic mass, and ɳ is the McMillan-Hopfield parameter with units of spring constant and is related to strength of electronic response of electrons near the Fermi surface to atomic perturbations. Thus, sp3 and sp2 strongly bonded carbon based materials offer the best hope for BCS high-temperature superconductivity and superhard materials. The highest superconducting transition temperature (Tc) in B-doped was reported to be 11K, which was obtained in CVD diamond, where B-concentration is limited to equilibrium concentration of 2.0%at. Since Tc was predicted to scale with B-concentration in diamond, this field was at standstill until the discovery of Q-carbon. By nonequilibrium laser melting and rapid quenching, we attained distinct concentrations 17%, and 25% at of B in Q-carbon with record Tc of 37 and 57K, respectively. This is a new record for BCS superconductivity, compared to Tc of 39K for MgB2. We already have synthesized 50 at% B-doped Q-carbon with expected Tc to be much higher (>110K)! The diamond c-BN thin film heterostructures can be grown with wafer-scale integration for next-generation solid state devices, which is accomplished by overlapping laser pulses with throughput exceeding 100-200cm2s-1. 

These discoveries are unprecedented in the field of materials science and engineering (Published over 55 high-impact papers, received >11 US Patents, 8 International Patents, 2017 R&D-100 Award for Q-carbon and diamond structures, 2018 R&D-100 Award for super hardness and record BCS superconductivity, and 2019 R&D-100 Award for Novel Nanodiamonds for Nanosensing and Quantum Computing (N3C). The R&D-100 Awards are widely recognized as “Oscars of Innovation.”

Research Funding: NSF, ARO, DARPA, DOE (ORNL)

  1. B-doped Q-carbon has a new record for BCS high-temperature superconductivity with Tc over 55K and going higher, and carries record critical current density in the presence of magnetic field (superconducting qubits and Majorana Fermion based devices):
    1. Bhaumik, A.; Sachan, R.; Narayan, J. High-Temperature Superconductivity in Boron-Doped Q-Carbon. ACS Nano 2017, 11, 5351–5357.
    2. Bhaumik, A.; Sachan, R.; Gupta, S.; Narayan, J. Discovery of High-Temperature Superconductivity ( T c = 55 K) in B-Doped Q-Carbon. ACS Nano 2017, 11, 11915–11922.
    3. Bhaumik, A.; Sachan, R.; Narayan, J. A Novel High-Temperature Carbon-Based Superconductor: B-Doped Q-Carbon. Appl. Phys. 2017, 122, 45301.
    4. Bhaumik, A.; Sachan, R.; Narayan, J. Magnetic Relaxation and Three-Dimensional Critical Fluctuations in B-Doped Q-Carbon – a High-Temperature Superconductor. Nanoscale 2018, 10, 12665–12673.
    5. Narayan, J.; Bhaumik, A.; Sachan, R. High-Temperature Superconductivity in Distinct Phases of Amorphous B-Doped Q-Carbon. Appl. Phys. 2018, 123, 135304.
    6. Narayan, J.; Sachan, R.; Bhaumik, A. Search for near Room-Temperature Superconductivity in B-Doped Q-Carbon. Res. Lett. 2019, 7, 164–172.
    7. Sachan, R.; Hatchtel, J.; Bhaumik, A.; Moatti, A.; Prater, J.; Idrobo, J.; and Narayan, J. Emergence of shallow energy levels in B-doped Q-carbon: A high-temperature superconductor. Acta Materialia 2019, 174, 153-159.
    8. Bhaumik, A.; Narayan, J., Structure-property correlations in phase-pure B-doped Q-carbon high-temperature superconductor with record Tc = 55K. Nanoscale, 2019, DOI: 10.1039/C9NR00562E
  2. Pure (undoped) Q-carbon is ferromagnetic with robust RTFM and extraordinary Hall Effect (biocompatible magnetic devices and sensors):
    1. Narayan, J.; Bhaumik, A. Novel Phase of Carbon, Ferromagnetism, and Conversion into Diamond. Appl. Phys. 2015, 118, 215303.
    2. Bhaumik, A.; Nori, S.; Sachan, R.; Gupta, S.; Kumar, D.; Majumdar, A. K.; Narayan, J. Room-Temp Ferromagnetism and Extraordinary Hall Effect in Nanostructured Q-Carbon: Implications for Potential Spintronic Devices. ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 2018, 1, 807–819.
    3. Narayan, J; Khosla, N. Self-organization of amorphous Q-carbon and Q-BN nanoballs. Carbon https://authors.elsevier.com/sd/article/S0008-6223(22)00168-3 (2023, in Print).
  3. Q-carbon is harder (tougher and more adherent) than diamond (cutting tools and coatings):
    1. Narayan, J.; Gupta, S.; Bhaumik, A.; Sachan, R.; Cellini, F.; Riedo, E. Q-Carbon Harder than Diamond. MRS Commun. 8, 428 (2018).
    2. Narayan, J.; Bhaumik, A. Q-Carbon Discovery and Formation of Single-Crystal Diamond Nano- and Microneedles and Thin Films. Res. Lett. 2016, 4, 118–126.
    3. Narayan, J.; Bhaumik, A. Research update: Direct conversion of amorphous carbon into diamond at ambient pressures and temperatures in air. APL Mater. 2015, 3, 100702.
    4. Gupta, S.; Bhaumik, A.; Sachan, R.; Narayan, J. Structural Evolution of Q-Carbon and Nanodiamonds. JOM 2018, 70, 1–6.
    5. Bhaumik, A.; Narayan, J. Synthesis and Characterization of Quenched and Crystalline Phases: Q-Carbon, Q-BN, Diamond and Phase-Pure c-BN. JOM 2018, 70, 456–463.
    6. Gupta, S.; Sachan, R.; Bhaumik, A.; Narayan, J. Undercooling driven growth of Q-carbon, diamond and Graphite. MRS Communications 2018, 8 (2), 533-540.
    7. Gupta, S.; Sachan, R.; Bhaumik, A.; Narayan, J. Enhanced mechanical properties of Q-carbon nanocomposites by nanosecond pulsed laser annealing. Nanotechnology 2018,29 (45), 45LT02.
    8. Sachan, Ritesh, Siddharth Gupta, and Jagdish Narayan. “Nonequilibrium Structural Evolution of Q-Carbon and Interfaces.” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 12.1 (2019): 1330-1338.
    9. Joshi, Pratik, Siddharth Gupta, Ariful Haque, and Jagdish Narayan. “Fabrication of ultrahard Q-carbon nanocoatings on AISI 304 and 316 stainless steels and subsequent formation of high-quality diamond films.” Diamond and Related Materials 104 (2020): 107742.
    10. Haque, S. Gupta, and J. Narayan, “Characteristics of diamond deposition on Al2O3, diamondlike carbon and Q-carbon,” ACS Applied Electronic Materials 2, 1323-1334 (2020).
    11. Narayan, J., S. Gupta, R. J. Sachan, A. Niebroski, and P. Pant. “Formation of Q-carbon and diamond coatings on WC and steel substrates.” Diamond and Related Materials 98 (2019): 107515.
    12. Sachan, Ritesh, Anagh Bhaumik, Punam Pant, John Prater, and Jagdish Narayan. “Diamond film growth by HFCVD on Q-carbon seeded substrate.” Carbon 141 (2019): 182-189.
    13. Gupta and J. Narayan, “Direct conversion of Teflon into nanodiamond films,” MATER. RES. LETT., VOL. 8, NO. 11, 408–416 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1080/21663831.2020.1778111
  4. Q-carbon exhibits record field emission due to negative electron affinity (field emission displays and contactless electric motors):
    1. Haque, A.; Narayan, J. Electron Field Emission from Q-Carbon.  Relat. Mater.2018, 86, 71–78.
    2. Haque, A.; Narayan, J. Stability of Electron Field Emission in Q-Carbon. MRS Commun.2018, 8 (3), 1343–1351.
  5. Q-carbon is electrochromic (smart windows):
    1. Bhaumik, A.; Narayan, J. Electrochromic Effect in Q-Carbon. Phys. Lett. 2018, 112, 223104.
  6. Q-carbon is most radiation-resistant material (nuclear, space, and other coating applications):
    1. Narayan, P. Joshi, J. Smith, W. Gao, W.J. Weber, and R.J. Narayan, “Q-carbon as a new radiation-resistant material,” Carbon 186, 253-261 (2021).
  7. N-type and p-type doping with dopant concentrations far higher than Thermodynamic solubility limits (diamond integrated circuits and high-power devices):
    1. Narayan, J.; Bhaumik, A.; Gupta, S.; Haque, A.; Sachan, R. Progress in Q-Carbon and Related Materials with Extraordinary Properties. Res. Lett. 2018, 6, 353–364.
    2. Gupta, R. Sachan, and J. Narayan, “Nanometer-thick hexagonal BN films for 2-D field-effect transistors,” ACS Applied Nano Materials 3, 7930-41 (2020).
  8. Formation of NV and SiV nanodiamonds and thin films (RT quantum technologies, including quantum computing, quantum sensing and quantum communication):
    1. Narayan, J.; Bhaumik, A. Novel Synthesis and Properties of Pure and NV-Doped Nanodiamonds and Other Nanostructures. Res. Lett. 2017, 5(4) 242-250..
    2. Bhaumik, A.; Sachan, R.; Narayan, J. Tunable Charge States of Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers in Diamond for Ultrafast Quantum Devices. Carbon N. Y. 2019, 142, 662–672.
    3. Gupta, R. Sachan, and J. Narayan, “ Scale-up of Q-carbon and nanodiamonds by pulsed laser annealing,” Diamond and Related materials 99, 107531 (2019).
  9. Direct conversion of carbon fibers and nanotubes into diamond fibers (Field emission displays and contactless and frictionless motors):
    1. Narayan, J.; Bhaumik, A.; Sachan, R.; Haque, A.; Gupta, S.; Pant, P. Direct Conversion of Carbon Nanofibers and Nanotubes into Diamond Nanofibers and the Subsequent Growth of Large-Sized Diamonds. Nanoscale 2019, 11, 2238–2248
    2. Haque, A.; Sachan, R.; Narayan, J. Synthesis of diamond nanostructures from carbon nanotube and formation of diamond-CNT hybrid structures,” Carbon 2019, 150, 388-395.
    3. Bhaumik, A.; Narayan, J. Direct conversion of carbon nanofibers into diamond nanofibers using nanosecond pulsed laser annealing. J. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2019, DOI: 10.1039/c9cp00063a
    4. Narayan, J.; Bhaumik, A.; Haque, A. Pseudo-topotactic growth of diamond nanofibers. Acta Mater. 2019, 178, 179-185.
  10. Macrodiamonds for jewelry and diamond needles (field emission and drug delivery):
    1. Sachan, R.; Bhaumik, A.; Pant, P.; Prater, J.; Narayan, J. Diamond Film Growth by HFCVD on Q-Carbon Seeded Substrate. Carbon2019, 141, 182–189.
    2. Haque, A.; Pant, P.; Narayan, J. Large-Area Diamond Thin Film on Q-Carbon Coated Crystalline Sapphire by HFCVD.  Cryst. Growth2018, 504, 17–25.
    3. Bhaumik, A.; Narayan, J. Nano to micro diamond formation by nanosecond laser annealing. J. Appl. Phys. 126, 125307 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5118890
  11. Parallel results from h-BN conversion into Q-BN and c-BN, and c-BN and diamond composites:
    1. Narayan, J.; Bhaumik, A. Research update: Direct conversion of h-BN into pure c-BN at ambient temperatures and pressures in air. APL Mater. 2016, 4, 020701.
    2. Narayan, J.; Bhaumik, A. Discovery of Q-BN and Direct Conversion of h-BN into c-BN and Formation of Epitaxial c-BN/Diamond Heterostructures. MRS Adv. 2016, 1, 2573–2584.
    3. Narayan, J.; Bhaumik, A.; Xu, W. Direct Conversion of H-BN into c-BN and Formation of Epitaxial c-BN/diamond Heterostructures. Appl. Phys. 2016, 119, 185302.
    4. Narayan, J.; Bhaumik, A. Fundamental Discovery of Q-Phases and Direct Conversion of Carbon into Diamond and H-BN into c-BN. In; Springer, Cham, 2017; pp. 219–228.
    5. Narayan, J.; Bhaumik, A., Narayan, R. Discovery of Q-phases and Direct Conversion of Carbon into Diamond and h-BN into c-BN, Advanced materials & processess, 2016, 174, pp. 24.
    6. Bhaumik, A.; Narayan, J. Formation and Characterization of Nano- and Microstructures of Twinned Cubic Boron Nitride. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2019, 21, 1700–1710..
  12. Nonequilibrium pulsed laser Processing of graphene-based heterostructures for novel solid-state devices:
    1. Gupta, S.; Narayan, J. Reduced Graphene Oxide/Amorphous Carbon P-N Junctions: Nanosecond Laser Patterning. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2019, DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b05374.
    2. Bhaumik, A.; Narayan, J. Reduced Graphene Oxide-Nanostructured Silicon Photosensors With High Photoresponsivity at Room Temperature. ACS Applied Nano Materials 2019.
    3. Bhaumik, A.; Narayan, J. Conversion of p to n-type reduced graphene oxide by laser annealing at room temperature and pressure. J. Appl. Phys. 2017, 121 (12), 125303.
    4. Bhaumik, A.; Narayan, J. Wafer-scale integration of reduced graphene oxide by novel laser processing at room temperature in air. J. Appl. Phys. 2016, 120 (10), 105304.
    5. Room-Temperature Ferromagnetism and Extraordinary Hall Effect in Nanostructured Q‑Carbon: Implications for Potential Spintronic Devices, Bhaumik, A., Sachan, R., Gupta, S. & Narayan, J., ACS NANO Applied Materials DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.7b00253
    6. Discovery of High-Temperature Superconductivity (Tc = 55 K) in B-Doped Q-Carbon, Bhaumik, A., Sachan, R., Gupta, S. & Narayan, J. ACS Nano 11, 11915–11922 (2017).
  13. Non equilibrium pulsed laser Processing of graphene (G, GO, RGO) and h-BN based heterostructures for novel solid-state devices:
    1. Gupta, Siddharth, and Jagdish Narayan. “Reduced Graphene Oxide/Amorphous Carbon p–n Junctions: Nanosecond Laser Patterning.” ACS applied materials & interfaces11.27 (2019): 24318.
    2. S. Gupta, R. Sachan, and J. Narayan, “Nanometer-thick hexagonal BN films for 2-D field-effect transistors,” ACS Applied Nano Materials 3, 7930-41 (2020).
    3. Gupta, S.; Narayan, J. Non-equilibrium processing of ferromagnetic heavily reduced graphene oxide. Carbon 2019, 153, 663-673 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2019.07.064.
    4. Bhaumik, Anagh, and Jagdish Narayan. “Reduced Graphene Oxide-Nanostructured Silicon Photosensors with High Photoresponsivity at Room Temperature.” ACS Applied Nano Materials2.4 (2019): 2086-2098.
    5. Bhaumik, A.; Narayan, J. Conversion of p to n-type reduced graphene oxide by laser annealing at room temperature and pressure. J. Appl. Phys. 2017, 121 (12), 125303.
    6. Bhaumik, A.; Narayan, J. Wafer scale integration of reduced graphene oxide by novel laser processing at room temperature in air. J. Appl. Phys. 2016, 120 (10), 105304.
    7. Zkria, Abdelrahman, Ariful Haque, Mohamed Egiza, Eslam Abubakr, Koki Murasawa, Tsuyoshi Yoshitake, and Jagdish Narayan. “Laser-induced structure transition of diamond-like carbon coated on cemented carbide and formation of reduced graphene oxide.” MRS Communications 9,(2019): 910
    8. J. Narayan et al. Formation of self-organized nano- and micro-diamond rings, Materials Research Letters 9, 300-307(2021).
    9. J. Narayan et al. Laser Processing of Continuous and Adherent Diamond Films on Sapphire and Glass, Carbon 176, 558-568 (2021).
    10. Joshi, Pratik; Riley, Parand; Gupta, Siddharth; Narayan, Roger ; Narayan, J., “Liquid phase regrowth of <110> oriented nanodiamond film by UV laser annealing of PTFE to generate dense CVD microdiamond film,” Diamond and Related Materials 8, 108481 (2021).
    11. Joshi, P., Riley, P., Gupta, S., Narayan, R. J., & Narayan, J., “Advances in laser-assisted conversion of polymeric and graphitic carbon into nanodiamond films,” Review of , ]. NANOTECHNOLOGY. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ac1097 (2021).

Brief History of Laser Annealing

  1. Laser Annealing in Si and Ge
    1. CW White, J. Narayan, and RT Young, Science 204, 461 (1979).
    2. Defects in Semiconductors and Laser Annealing launched MRS
  2. Laser Annealing in Carbon Implanted Copper
    1. Narayan, VP Godbole and CW White, Science 252, 416 (1991)
    2. Formation of epitaxial diamond thin films

Q-carbon: US Patents Granted to Jagdish Narayan (USPTO Website)

PAT. NO. Title
1 11,189,774 High-temperature carbon-based superconductor: B-doped Q-carbon
2 11,011,514 DOPING AND FABRICATION OF DIAMOND AND C-BN BASED DEVICE STRUCTURES
3  10,586,702 Synthesis and processing of novel phase of carbon (Q-carbon)
4 10,566,193 Synthesis and processing of Q-carbon, graphene, and diamond
5 10,529,564 Synthesis and processing of novel phase of boron nitride (Q-BN)
6 10,240,251 Synthesis and processing of pure and NV nanodiamonds and other nanostructures for quantum computing and magnetic sensing applications
7 10,211,049 Synthesis and processing of pure and NV nanodiamonds and other nanostructures
8 10,196,754 Conversion of carbon into n-type and p-type doped diamond and structures
9 5,221,411 Method for synthesis and processing of continuous monocrystalline diamond thin films
10 10,906,104 Systems and methods of fabrication and use of wear-resistant materials
11 16,677,999 DIAMOND NANOFIBERS AND METHODS OF MAKING DIAMOND NANOFIBERS AND LARGE-SIZE DIAMONDS

US Patents Pending

APP. NO. Title
1 20200149151 DIAMOND NANOFIBERS AND METHODS OF MAKING DIAMOND NANOFIBERS AND LARGE-SIZE DIAMONDS
2 20190363078 DOPING AND FABRICATION OF DIAMOND AND C-BN BASED DEVICE STRUCTURES
3 20170373153 SYNTHESIS AND PROCESSING OF PURE AND NV NANODIAMONDS AND OTHER NANOSTRUCTURES FOR QUANTUM COMPUTING AND MAGNETIC SENSING APPLICATIONS
4 20170370019 SYNTHESIS AND PROCESSING OF PURE AND NV NANODIAMONDS AND OTHER NANOSTRUCTURES FOR QUANTUM COMPUTING AND MAGNETIC SENSING APPLICATIONS
5 20170037540 CONVERSION OF BORON NITRIDE INTO N-TYPE AND P-TYPE DOPED CUBIC BORON NITRIDE AND STRUCTURES
6 20170037534 DIRECT CONVERSION OF H-BN INTO C-BN AND STRUCTURES FOR A VARIETY OF APPLICATIONS
7 20170037533 SYNTHESIS AND PROCESSING OF NOVEL PHASE OF BORON NITRIDE (Q-BN)
8 20170037532 CONVERSION OF CARBON INTO N-TYPE AND P-TYPE DOPED DIAMOND AND STRUCTURES
9 20170037531 DIRECT CONVERSION OF CARBON INTO DIAMOND AND STRUCTURES FOR A VARIETY OF APPLICATIONS
10 20170037530 SYNTHESIS AND PROCESSING OF Q-CARBON, GRAPHENE, AND DIAMOND
11 20170036917 SYNTHESIS AND PROCESSING OF PURE AND NV NANODIAMONDS AND OTHER NANOSTRUCTURES

Q-carbon Related R&D-100 Awards (Oscars of Innovation) to Prof. J. Narayan’s Group

  • R&D-100 Award for Novel Nanodiamonds for Nansensing and Quantum Computing, 2019
  • R&D-100 Award for Q-carbon and Diamond Related Products, 2017
  • R&D-100 Award for New Materials Harder than Diamond and Superior High-Temp Superconductor, 2018

Independent Q-carbon Confirmation:

  1. Yoshinaka, Hiroki, et al. “Formation of Q-carbon by adjusting sp3 content in diamond-like carbon films and laser energy density of pulsed laser annealing.” Carbon 167 (2020): 504-511.
  2. Sakai, Yuki, James R. Chelikowsky, and Marvin L. Cohen. “Heavy boron doping in superconducting carbon materials.” Physical Review Materials 4.5 (2020): 054801.
  3. Sakai, Yuki, James R. Chelikowsky, and Marvin L. Cohen. “Role of atomic coordination on superconducting properties of boron-doped amorphous carbon.” Physical Review Materials 3.8 (2019): 084802.
  4. Sakai, Yuki, James R. Chelikowsky, and Marvin L. Cohen. “Magnetism in amorphous carbon.” Physical Review Materials 2.7 (2018): 074403.
  5. Sakai, Yuki, James R. Chelikowsky, and Marvin L. Cohen. “Simulating the effect of boron doping in superconducting carbon.” Physical Review B 97.5 (2018): 054501.

Special Lectures:

  1. Plenary Invited Talk at 2021 TMS Annual Meeting (Virtual)
  2. 2021 Goodenough Materials Innovation Lecture (virtual), October 1, 2021
  3. Invited Talk at the 2021 MRS Fall Meeting, Boston
  4. Plenary Invited Talks on Discoveries of Q-carbon and Q-BN, 2020 TMS Annual Meeting in San Diego; 2018 TMS Annual Meeting in Phoenix; 2017 TMS Annual Meeting in San Diego
  5. Narayan , Plenary Invited Talk, 2017 MRS Fall Meeting, Boston
  6. Invited Colloquia: MIT (10/30/2018); Harvard (10/31/2018); Princeton (10/23/2017); ORNL (11/14/2019); USC Lyman lecture (2018); Distinguished Lectures UCF (2018); Michigan State (2018)
  7. 2016 MRS Spring Meeting, March 28-April 1, Phoenix, Invited Talk on Discovery of Q-carbon and Q-BN and Direct Conversion of Carbon into Diamond and h-BN into c-BN (Invited Lecture Recorded by MRS and Paper Published in MRS Advances
  8. 2015 SC Jain Memorial Lecture and Prize, Plenary Talk at the 2015 IWPSD (International Workshop on Physics of Semiconductor Devices, Dec 7-10, IISc, Bangalore, India
  9. 2015 MRS Fall Meeting, November 29-December 4, Invited Talk on Discovery of Q-carbon and Direct Conversion of Carbon into Diamond
  10. 2015 MRS Spring Meeting, April 6-10, Invited Talk on Defects and Interfaces in Oxide Thin Film Heterostructures.
  11. 2014 MRS Spring Meeting, San Francisco, April 20-25, 2014: Plenary Talk (in Symposium K) on Novel Two-dimensional Multifunctional Nanostructured Materials), Invited Talk VV on Tuning of electrical and magnetic Properties of nanostructured oxides, and Invited Talk FFF on Holistic approach to training and mentoring of next-generation materials scientists.
  12. Plenary Invited Talk on Frontiers in Nanomaterials and Impact on Nanotechnology at The 2014 Pan American Materials Conference, ABM, July 21-25, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
  13. The 2014 TMS (The Materials Society) Institute of Metals Lecture on the Frontiers in Thin Film Epitaxy and Novel Nanostructured Materials
  14. The 2012 Lee Hsun Award Lecture, July 20, 2012, Shenyang, China, Sponsored by Chinese Academy of Sciences, IMR and Shenyang National Laboratory Frontiers in Nanostructured Materials
  15. Plenary Keynote Speaker, ICCE-20, Twentieth Annual International Conference on Composites and Nanoengineering, July 22-28, 2012, Beijing, China.Title: Frontiers of Nanostructured Materials and Nanocomposites
  16. 2014 Mehl Medal from the Brazilian ABM-TMS and presented plenary keynote talk at its 69th Annual ABM-TMS Meeting in Sao Paulo, July 20-24, 2014.
  17. 2014 The Institute of Metals Lecture Award of TMS on Frontiers in Thin Epitaxy and Novel Nanostructured Materials at the TMS Annual Meeting in San Diego, California, Feb 16-20, 2014.
  18. 2014 TMS International Symposium on Frontiers in Nanostructured Electronic and Structural Materials and Their applications, TMS Annual Meeting in San Diego, California, Feb 16-20, 2014.
  19. 2011 MRS Forum: 2011 MRS Spring Meeting, San Francisco, April 25-30, 2011. Acta Materialia Gold Medal Forum: Frontiers in Thin Film Epitaxy and Nanostructured Materials (Honoring Professor Narayan); Journal of Materials Research Volume 28, 2013 devoted to Narayan’s research
  20. 2011 MS&T Meeting, Columbus, Ohio, October 17-20, 2011. International Symposium on Advances in Nanostructured Materials and Applications (Honoring Narayan). Acta Materialia (Elsevier), Special Volume 61 (8) of Acta Materialia devoted to this Symposium
  21. Invited Talk: 2012 MRS Fall Meeting, November 25-30, 2012, Boston, MA (Title: Designing Novel Nanostructured Materials with Improved Properties.)
  22. Chair: MRS Forum (Honoring Prof. Millie Dresselhaus), 2012 MRS Fall Meeting, November 25-30, 2012, Boston

Highlights of Q-carbon and Q-BN Discovery

  1. Materials Research Society: http://www.materials360online.com/newsDetails/60077
  2. NSF Science 360: http://news.science360.gov/archives/20160205
  3. IEEE Spectrum on c-BN: http://spectrum.ieee.org/nanoclast/semiconductors/materials/cheap-cubic-boron-nitride-for-power-transistors-and-switches
  4. Christian Science Monitor: http://www.csmonitor.com/Science/2015/1203/A-replacement-for-diamonds-Scientists-discover-Q-carbon
  5. Newsweek: http://www.newsweek.com/scientists-create-material-stronger-diamonds-400777
  6. NBC: http://www.nbcnews.com/tech/innovation/scientists-create-substance-harder-diamond-n473476
  7. NY Times: http://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/03/science/q-carbon-harder-than-diamond.html?_r=1
  8. Discovery: http://news.discovery.com/tech/nanotechnology/new-form-of-carbon-is-harder-than-diamonds-151203.htm
  9. Fox News: http://www.foxnews.com/tech/2015/12/02/scientists-discover-new-form-carbon-harder-than-diamonds.html
  10. Smithsonian:http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/weird-new-type-carbon-harder-brighter-than-diamond-180957433/?no-ist
  11. CNN: http://www.cnn.com/2015/12/01/tech/super-diamond-q-carbon-scientists-laser/
  12. Popular Science: http://www.popsci.com/new-form-carbon-is-harder-than-diamonds-and-glows
  13. Gizmodo: http://gizmodo.com/theres-a-new-form-of-carbon-thats-harder-than-diamond-1745437658
  14. Forbes: http://www.forbes.com/sites/ericmack/2015/11/30/scientists-create-new-kind-of-diamond-at-room-temperature/
  15. ITV:    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vFyCGf0XcA4    https://www.dropbox.com/s/wm04naodo4w214l/Jay%20Narayan%2012-29%20Edited.mpg?dl=0

Carbon Nobel Prizes:

  1. 1996 Nobel Prize in  Chemistry (Curl, Kroto and Smalley): Discovery of fullerenes. A fullerene is an allotrope of carbon in the form of a hollow sphere, ellipsoid, tube, and many other shapes. Spherical fullerenes, also referred to as Buckminsterfullerenes or buckyballs, resemble the balls used in association football. Cylindrical fullerenes are also called carbon nanotubes (buckytubes).
  2. 2010 Nobel Prize in Physics (Geim and Novoselov): Discovery of Graphene: Graphene is an allotrope (form) of carbon consisting of a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice.

An allotrope is structurally differentiated form of an element that exhibits allotropy. 

Neither fullerenes nor graphene can be claimed as an allotrope or a different phase of carbon, as they have the same atomic structure of the graphitic sheet with different shapes. The related structures of fullerenes and graphene do not have distinct free-energy minima. This has profound thermodynamic challenges for synthesis and processing of uniform and reliable structures. This aspect represents a major impediment for applications, where identical features are needed, such as in nanoelectronics.

Q-phases represent new allotropes (third phase) in view of their distinct structure and entropy:

Q-materials have record BCS high-temperature superconductivity, mechanical (harder than diamond), physical (electrical, optical, magnetic, field emission) and chemical properties (inertness, electrochromism), which are unprecedented!!